Theater Terminology
Below is a list of terms and definitions that are commonly used in the description and discussions of theater design and use.
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People say jargon is a bad thing, but it's really a shortcut vocabulary professionals use to understand one another. |
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A
ABSORPTION
Regarding acoustics, the ability of a surface to absorb sound. The absorption coefficient of a material is a figure between 0 and 1, representing its degree of absorption.
ACOUSTICS
The quality and behavior of sound in a given space, measured and analyzed by its clarity, loudness, liveliness, reverberance, echoes, dynamic range, envelopment, spaciousness, warmth and silence or noise control rating.
ACOUSTICAL CLOUD
A reflective panel hung in the auditorium, generally above the audience, that is used to direct sound into desired zones. Often decorative in nature. Also known as "Acoustical Reflector Panel".
ACT
A division of a play, each of which is composed of one or more scenes. Originally, Greek plays were continuous and the introduction of divisions was a later development. Plays today may divided into one, two, or three acts.
ACT CURTAIN
Also referred to as an Act-Drop, the term refers to a curtain or painted cloth which was closed or opened to signify the beginning or ending of an act, as distinguished from the main curtain or grand drape.
ACTING AREA
See PERFORMANCE AREA.
AIA
Abbreviation for American Institute of Architects
AISLE
A passage through seating.
AMPHITHEATER
Circular or oval open-air theatre with a large raked seating area (often semi-circular) sloping down to the stage. Originally built in ancient Greece and Rome for dramas, spectator sports, and games.
ANSI
Abbreviation for American National Standards Institute
ANTE PROSCENIUM
In front of, or downstage, of the proscenium. Also known as "Antepro".
APRON
The portion of a stage that extends beyond the proscenium and into the audience seating area. Also known as FORESTAGE.
ARBOR
In a rigging system, a carriage or rack that contains counterweights, usually flame cut steel or cast iron, in sufficient size and quantity to balance a load.
ARBOR PIT
An open slot or depression in the stage floor directly below counterweight rigging for the passage of counterweight arbors to a below stage level to allow for increased pipe batten travel.
ARENA THEATER
A theatre in which the audience i s seated on at least two or three sides of the acting or performance area. Arena theaters may also have the audience seated on all four sides of the acting or performance area — often called THEATER-IN-THE-ROUND.
ASA
Abbreviation for Acoustical Society of America.
ASTC
Abbreviation for American Society of Theater Consultants.
ASTM
Abbreviation for American Society for Testing of Materials.
AUDIENCE CHAMBER
The area in which the audience is contained.
AUDITORIA
A plural form of the word AUDITORIUM.
AUDITORIUM
Specifically, the area of a theater, concert hall, or other assembly facility in which the audience is contained. Also known as the HOUSE. More generally, it can also mean a building or hall used for public gatherings - typically speeches or stage performances.
AUSTRIAN CURTAIN
Typically ornate, a curtain that is sewn with both vertical and horizontal fullness to create vertical panels of fabric swags that lift up evenly via a series of vertical lift lines.
AUTOMATED LIGHTING INSTRUMENT
A lighting instrument in which certain functions such as panning, tilting, focusing, dimming, beam shaping and coloring, etc., are motorized and remotely operated from a control console. Also called INTELLIGENT LIGHT, MOVING LIGHT.
AUTOMATED RIGGING
A theatrical rigging system using fixed or variable speed electric-powered hoists (winches) to move equipment rather than manually operated rope and counterweights. Electronics controls operate each of the hoists with sophistication being as basic as push buttons to simply raise and lower a batten to a fully programmable computerized control system that allows for programming and running of highly precise cues including batten position and speed of one or several battens simultaneously.
AV
Abbreviation short for Audio-Visual referring to the display of visual images such as projection and video displays and it's associated sound.
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Regarding acoustics, the ability of a surface to absorb sound. The absorption coefficient of a material is a figure between 0 and 1, representing its degree of absorption.
ACOUSTICS
The quality and behavior of sound in a given space, measured and analyzed by its clarity, loudness, liveliness, reverberance, echoes, dynamic range, envelopment, spaciousness, warmth and silence or noise control rating.
ACOUSTICAL CLOUD
A reflective panel hung in the auditorium, generally above the audience, that is used to direct sound into desired zones. Often decorative in nature. Also known as "Acoustical Reflector Panel".
ACT
A division of a play, each of which is composed of one or more scenes. Originally, Greek plays were continuous and the introduction of divisions was a later development. Plays today may divided into one, two, or three acts.
ACT CURTAIN
Also referred to as an Act-Drop, the term refers to a curtain or painted cloth which was closed or opened to signify the beginning or ending of an act, as distinguished from the main curtain or grand drape.
ACTING AREA
See PERFORMANCE AREA.
AIA
Abbreviation for American Institute of Architects
AISLE
A passage through seating.
AMPHITHEATER
Circular or oval open-air theatre with a large raked seating area (often semi-circular) sloping down to the stage. Originally built in ancient Greece and Rome for dramas, spectator sports, and games.
ANSI
Abbreviation for American National Standards Institute
ANTE PROSCENIUM
In front of, or downstage, of the proscenium. Also known as "Antepro".
APRON
The portion of a stage that extends beyond the proscenium and into the audience seating area. Also known as FORESTAGE.
ARBOR
In a rigging system, a carriage or rack that contains counterweights, usually flame cut steel or cast iron, in sufficient size and quantity to balance a load.
ARBOR PIT
An open slot or depression in the stage floor directly below counterweight rigging for the passage of counterweight arbors to a below stage level to allow for increased pipe batten travel.
ARENA THEATER
A theatre in which the audience i s seated on at least two or three sides of the acting or performance area. Arena theaters may also have the audience seated on all four sides of the acting or performance area — often called THEATER-IN-THE-ROUND.
ASA
Abbreviation for Acoustical Society of America.
ASTC
Abbreviation for American Society of Theater Consultants.
ASTM
Abbreviation for American Society for Testing of Materials.
AUDIENCE CHAMBER
The area in which the audience is contained.
AUDITORIA
A plural form of the word AUDITORIUM.
AUDITORIUM
Specifically, the area of a theater, concert hall, or other assembly facility in which the audience is contained. Also known as the HOUSE. More generally, it can also mean a building or hall used for public gatherings - typically speeches or stage performances.
AUSTRIAN CURTAIN
Typically ornate, a curtain that is sewn with both vertical and horizontal fullness to create vertical panels of fabric swags that lift up evenly via a series of vertical lift lines.
AUTOMATED LIGHTING INSTRUMENT
A lighting instrument in which certain functions such as panning, tilting, focusing, dimming, beam shaping and coloring, etc., are motorized and remotely operated from a control console. Also called INTELLIGENT LIGHT, MOVING LIGHT.
AUTOMATED RIGGING
A theatrical rigging system using fixed or variable speed electric-powered hoists (winches) to move equipment rather than manually operated rope and counterweights. Electronics controls operate each of the hoists with sophistication being as basic as push buttons to simply raise and lower a batten to a fully programmable computerized control system that allows for programming and running of highly precise cues including batten position and speed of one or several battens simultaneously.
AV
Abbreviation short for Audio-Visual referring to the display of visual images such as projection and video displays and it's associated sound.
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B
BACK OF HOUSE (BOH)
1. The service areas of the theatre, behind, beside or underneath the stage. Also called "Rear of House". 2. The personnel who work in the technical departments that work to create the performance, alongside the actors and musicians.
BACKDROP
Scenery that serves as a visual background to a performance. Often this is a curtain, painted scenic fabric, or cyclorama curtain.
BACK LIGHT
Light coming from upstage, behind scenery or actors, to sculpt and separate them from the background
BACKSTAGE
The areas of the stage not visible to the audience. Collectively, the parts of the theatre that lie behind the proscenium, including the stage, scene shops, dressing rooms, and the areas and spaces beside, above, or under the stage.
BAFFLE
In regards to acoustics, a panel positioned to reduce sound reflections and improve sound within a space.
BALCONY
Generically, a tier of seating in an auditorium that is elevated and protruding over the orchestra level (main level) seating or over other balconies. In venues with multiple balconies, often specific terms identify each balcony including MEZZANINE, DRESS CIRCLE, GALLERY, GRAND TIER, etc.
BALCONY RAIL
1. A guardrail along the front of a balcony. 2. A lighting bar from which stage lighting is mounted on or within the front of a balcony.
BALLYHOO
Moving a followspot beam of light around in a figure-eight pattern.
BARN DOORS
An apparatus with adjustable flaps, usually 2, 4 or 8, that attaches to the front of a lighting instrument. It is used to block or shape the beam of light. For example, to keep light from hitting the front or side edge of the stage.
BATTEN
An overhead length of steel pipe to which scenery, curtains, or lighting equipment is attached. Part of the rigging system, the battens typically run across the stage parallel to the proscenium and are supported from a rigging system or dead-hung from overhead building structure.
BEAM
1. In architecture, a structural member, usually steel, that is located horizontally within the venue to support attached elements hanging below such as a stage rigging system. 2. A stage lighting position, usually front lighting over and audience. 3. The cone of light emitted from a stage light instrument.
BEAM ANGLE
In lighting, the angle of the cone of light produced by a stage light. Defined as the angle within which the lowest intensity in a beam of light from a lantern is not less than one-tenth of the maximum.
BI-PARTING CURTAIN
A curtain that opens from the center to each side on tracks.
BLACK BOX
An unadorned performance space, typically a large room with four walls and no assigned seating or playing areas. Walls are typically painted black, hence the name. The black box is popular because it can be configured in many different ways, with actors on the floor, or on a platform; the audience can also be seated on the floor or on platforms.
BLACKOUT
Complete absence of stage lighting.
BLACKS
1. Used to describe the black clothing worn by the technical crew during a performance. Black clothes are worn because this is the color that is least obtrusive during a performance and it allows the stagehands to move set pieces on stage without distracting the audience. 2. The group of black sight-masking curtains on stage.
BLOCK
1. Rigging device that consists of one or more sheaves and axles in a housing. 2. A number of audience seats taken together. 3. -ing The work of positioning actors and performers onstage - setting their positions, entrances, exits and other movements.
BLUES
Blue lights used backstage in a performance situation. See also working lights.
BOOM
A vertically mounted pipe used for stage lights.
BOOMERANG
Mechanical color changer within a followspot.
BOARD
See CONTROL CONSOLE.
BOOM
1. A lighting tree or vertical pipe on which lighting instruments can be mounted. 2. An extension arm mounted to a microphone stand.
BORDER CURTAIN
A curtain used to define the top limit of the stage and to mask or hide lights and unused scenery and curtains. Also called TEASER.
BOUNCE
1. Diffuse light that has been reflected from the stage, walls, cyclorama etc. 2. Describes the fast in/out movement of flown curtains and scenery.
BOWLINE
A popular knot used extensively in theater because it is secure and easy to undo.
BOX
A small, separated audience seating areas with seating for six or fewer people , usually with loose seating and typically separated from each other by rails or low walls. These boxes are usually immediately to the front, side, and above the level of the stage. Sometimes also referred to as LOGE.
BOX BOOM
Originally a vertical pipe for stage lighting (boom) located in a seating box for side lighting to the stage. Now often used to indicate any side lighting position located in the audience chamber.
BOX OFFICE
Part of the theatre front of house area where audience members can buy or pick up pre-purchased tickets. In smaller venues, this may be referred to as simply a TICKET BOOTH.
BOX TRUSS
Truss consisting of 4 linear parallel members.
BRAIL CURTAIN
A curtain that is raised (opened) with brail type lift lines and is sewn flat or has horizontal fullness.
BRAIL LINES
Lifting lines that pass through a row of rings sewn to the back of the curtain and attach at the curtain bottom. The curtain folds up when the lines are pulled.
BREAK A LEG
A phrase used with performers to wish them "good luck" before a performance. This expression originated in Vaudeville days in the 1800's. In that day, producers would have on stand-by as many different acts as possible to fill the bill. It wasn't viable to pay every act, so if they didn't actually appear on stage, or break the visual plane of the line curtain, they received no fee. The phrase "Break a Leg" became a good luck wish that you could be paid for a performance.
BREAKING STRENGTH
The load at which a failure occurs in a component.
BREASTING
Laterally moving a suspended object.
BRIDGE
A walkway, giving access to technical and service areas above the stage or auditorium, or linking fly-floors. More commonly known as CATWALK.
BRIDLE
An assembly that splits a lift line into two separated attachment points. Used to support trusses or to provide extra support along a pipe batten to limit deflection.
BUILDING CODE
A set of municipal, state, or federal guidelines for the design and construction of buildings.
BULB
An amateur term for a light bulb. In the theater and performance industry, this is known as LAMP.
BUMP
A lighting cue that instantly bumps the lighting up to a brighter level. Commonly used at the end of a musical number to draw the applause.
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1. The service areas of the theatre, behind, beside or underneath the stage. Also called "Rear of House". 2. The personnel who work in the technical departments that work to create the performance, alongside the actors and musicians.
BACKDROP
Scenery that serves as a visual background to a performance. Often this is a curtain, painted scenic fabric, or cyclorama curtain.
BACK LIGHT
Light coming from upstage, behind scenery or actors, to sculpt and separate them from the background
BACKSTAGE
The areas of the stage not visible to the audience. Collectively, the parts of the theatre that lie behind the proscenium, including the stage, scene shops, dressing rooms, and the areas and spaces beside, above, or under the stage.
BAFFLE
In regards to acoustics, a panel positioned to reduce sound reflections and improve sound within a space.
BALCONY
Generically, a tier of seating in an auditorium that is elevated and protruding over the orchestra level (main level) seating or over other balconies. In venues with multiple balconies, often specific terms identify each balcony including MEZZANINE, DRESS CIRCLE, GALLERY, GRAND TIER, etc.
BALCONY RAIL
1. A guardrail along the front of a balcony. 2. A lighting bar from which stage lighting is mounted on or within the front of a balcony.
BALLYHOO
Moving a followspot beam of light around in a figure-eight pattern.
BARN DOORS
An apparatus with adjustable flaps, usually 2, 4 or 8, that attaches to the front of a lighting instrument. It is used to block or shape the beam of light. For example, to keep light from hitting the front or side edge of the stage.
BATTEN
An overhead length of steel pipe to which scenery, curtains, or lighting equipment is attached. Part of the rigging system, the battens typically run across the stage parallel to the proscenium and are supported from a rigging system or dead-hung from overhead building structure.
BEAM
1. In architecture, a structural member, usually steel, that is located horizontally within the venue to support attached elements hanging below such as a stage rigging system. 2. A stage lighting position, usually front lighting over and audience. 3. The cone of light emitted from a stage light instrument.
BEAM ANGLE
In lighting, the angle of the cone of light produced by a stage light. Defined as the angle within which the lowest intensity in a beam of light from a lantern is not less than one-tenth of the maximum.
BI-PARTING CURTAIN
A curtain that opens from the center to each side on tracks.
BLACK BOX
An unadorned performance space, typically a large room with four walls and no assigned seating or playing areas. Walls are typically painted black, hence the name. The black box is popular because it can be configured in many different ways, with actors on the floor, or on a platform; the audience can also be seated on the floor or on platforms.
BLACKOUT
Complete absence of stage lighting.
BLACKS
1. Used to describe the black clothing worn by the technical crew during a performance. Black clothes are worn because this is the color that is least obtrusive during a performance and it allows the stagehands to move set pieces on stage without distracting the audience. 2. The group of black sight-masking curtains on stage.
BLOCK
1. Rigging device that consists of one or more sheaves and axles in a housing. 2. A number of audience seats taken together. 3. -ing The work of positioning actors and performers onstage - setting their positions, entrances, exits and other movements.
BLUES
Blue lights used backstage in a performance situation. See also working lights.
BOOM
A vertically mounted pipe used for stage lights.
BOOMERANG
Mechanical color changer within a followspot.
BOARD
See CONTROL CONSOLE.
BOOM
1. A lighting tree or vertical pipe on which lighting instruments can be mounted. 2. An extension arm mounted to a microphone stand.
BORDER CURTAIN
A curtain used to define the top limit of the stage and to mask or hide lights and unused scenery and curtains. Also called TEASER.
BOUNCE
1. Diffuse light that has been reflected from the stage, walls, cyclorama etc. 2. Describes the fast in/out movement of flown curtains and scenery.
BOWLINE
A popular knot used extensively in theater because it is secure and easy to undo.
BOX
A small, separated audience seating areas with seating for six or fewer people , usually with loose seating and typically separated from each other by rails or low walls. These boxes are usually immediately to the front, side, and above the level of the stage. Sometimes also referred to as LOGE.
BOX BOOM
Originally a vertical pipe for stage lighting (boom) located in a seating box for side lighting to the stage. Now often used to indicate any side lighting position located in the audience chamber.
BOX OFFICE
Part of the theatre front of house area where audience members can buy or pick up pre-purchased tickets. In smaller venues, this may be referred to as simply a TICKET BOOTH.
BOX TRUSS
Truss consisting of 4 linear parallel members.
BRAIL CURTAIN
A curtain that is raised (opened) with brail type lift lines and is sewn flat or has horizontal fullness.
BRAIL LINES
Lifting lines that pass through a row of rings sewn to the back of the curtain and attach at the curtain bottom. The curtain folds up when the lines are pulled.
BREAK A LEG
A phrase used with performers to wish them "good luck" before a performance. This expression originated in Vaudeville days in the 1800's. In that day, producers would have on stand-by as many different acts as possible to fill the bill. It wasn't viable to pay every act, so if they didn't actually appear on stage, or break the visual plane of the line curtain, they received no fee. The phrase "Break a Leg" became a good luck wish that you could be paid for a performance.
BREAKING STRENGTH
The load at which a failure occurs in a component.
BREASTING
Laterally moving a suspended object.
BRIDGE
A walkway, giving access to technical and service areas above the stage or auditorium, or linking fly-floors. More commonly known as CATWALK.
BRIDLE
An assembly that splits a lift line into two separated attachment points. Used to support trusses or to provide extra support along a pipe batten to limit deflection.
BUILDING CODE
A set of municipal, state, or federal guidelines for the design and construction of buildings.
BULB
An amateur term for a light bulb. In the theater and performance industry, this is known as LAMP.
BUMP
A lighting cue that instantly bumps the lighting up to a brighter level. Commonly used at the end of a musical number to draw the applause.
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C
C-CLAMP
A metal clamp, usually aluminum or steel, used to securing a device such as a stage light to a pipe batten, boom, etc.
CABLE CRADLE
A device that supports an electrical cable loop and prevents sharp bends. It often has a hole for attachment of a lifting line.
CALL
The time that an actor or technician must arrive at the theater for a rehearsal or performance.
CALL BOARD
A designated space backstage (usually a wall or portion of a wall, bulletin board or dry erase board) that displays information for the CAST and CREW of a performance, and venue staff.
CAMLOCK
A trade name, describing a single pole connector used on professional power distribution & dimming systems. A separate connector is used for each phase/neutral of the supply.
CAST
Actors or performers in a show or production.
CATWALK
A narrow walkway suspended from building structure used for access to overhead theatrical equipment such as lighting, sound, and sometimes scenery as well as access to other destinations within the theater.
CCTV
Closed Circuit Television. A video relay system, used in the theatre to give a view of the stage to remote technical operators (especially stage managers). Also used to give musical performers a view of the conductor (and vice versa) to help in keeping time. It's called Closed Circuit because the signal is not being broadcast anywhere - there's a direct link between camera and monitor.
CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
Certificate issued by a building inspector with local jurisdiction that certifies that a building meets codes and is safe to use.
CERTIFIED RIGGER
A rigger who has passed the "Entertainment Technician Certification Program" (ETCP) exam and is recognized as competent to do rigging for a period of time. This certification is based on both experience and a written test.
CHASE
A repeated sequence of changing lighting states that gives the effect of moving lights.
CLEAT
Piece of wood or metal for tying off a rope line by taking a turn around it, followed by a series of figure eight turns and a locking tuck(s) made in the final turn. Used when flying or for holding scenic pieces together with a cleat line.
CLEW
Device that connects several ropes or cables to one, usually stronger, rope or cable.
COFFIN LOCK
A term for a blind panel connector (also called a Butt-Joint Fastener) often used in the entertainment industry to join together stage decks or scenery in a butt joint or cabinet and lid locks on road cases. These are typically two part connectors (male and female) that draw together and lock.
COLOR FILTER
A sheet of plastic used to alter the color being emitted from a stage light. The colored filter absorbs all the colors of light except the color of the filter itself, which it allows through. Filters used to be made from gelatin, from which came the still-used name GEL.
COMPANY
The CAST, CREW, and support staff of a performance.
COMPANY SWITCH
A high voltage power distribution panel located on or near the stage or performance area that provides temporary power to stage equipment, such as a touring production's sound or lighting gear.
CONCERT HALL
A performance space designed primarily for symphonic/orchestral performances with a seat count typically in the range of over 1,000 seats.
CONTINENTAL SEATING
Auditorium seating layout where there is no central aisle, but wider spacing between rows to allow people to pass those that are already seated.
CONTROL BOOTH
Room at the rear of the auditorium where lighting and sometimes sound is operated from. The stage manager calling the cues is very often at the side of the stage (traditionally stage left) but in some venues he/she may be in the control booth also. The control booth is usually soundproofed from the auditorium so that communications between operators cannot be heard by the audience. A large viewing window is obviously essential, as is a show relay system so that the performance can be heard by the operators. Obviously if sound is being mixed, the operator should be able to hear the same as the audience, so some control rooms have sliding or removable windows, or a completely separate room for sound mixing. Where possible, the sound desk is moved into the auditorium so that the operator can hear the same as the audience.
CONTROL CONSOLE
An electronic, usually digital, device that typically sits atop a desk, counter, or other surface that controls lighting, audio (often called MIXER), and automated rigging. Also called BOARD.
COUNTERWEIGHT
1. Weights, usually flame cut steel or cast iron, that are placed in counterweight arbors to balance the weight of loads hung on battens. 2. The act of adding or removing weight from a set in order to achieve a balanced system.
COUNTERWEIGHT RIGGING
A manual style rigging system where a line set load is balanced by a counterweight so that only a small force is required to overcome friction and move the load.
CREW
All of the people involved in the operation of a performance with the exception of the CAST.
CROSSFADE
1. Bringing up a new lighting area on stage while at the same time bringing down another area somewhere else on stage. 2. A common type of audio transition between two clips, in which the first clip's audio fades down while the second clip's audio simultaneously fades up. During the crossfade, audio from both clips is heard.
CROSSOVER
1. Backstage, a route leading from one side of the stage to the other, out of the audiences view. In the auditorium or audience chamber, a route leading from one side of the house to the other, often between aisles. 2. An electronic filter in a sound system that routes sound of the correct frequency to the correct part of the speaker system.
CSI
Abbreviation for Construction Specifications Institute
CUE
1. The command given to technicians to carry out a particular operation, such as lighting cue, fly cue, and sound cue. Cues are normally given by the stage manager, but may be taken directly from the action such as a visual cue at a particular point in a performance. 2. Any signal (spoken line, action or time count) that indicates an action should follow for performers, musicians, or technicians. 3. A programmed set of actions and timing within theatrical control equipment such as lighting or rigging controls.
CUE TO CUE
A type of rehearsal, usually a technical rehearsal, where performers' actions and dialog are cut to save time in order to rehearse technical cues and scene changes.
CURTAIN
Any fabric panel that is hung as part of a scene or to mask unwanted views.
CURTAIN CALL
Occurs at the end of a performance, often indicated by the closing and reopening of the main curtain or after a lighting blackout, when performers — as individuals or as a group — return to the stage to be recognized by and bow for the audience. Also called "Final Bow".
CURTAIN LINE
The imaginary line across the acting or performance space marking the point where the main curtain is flown. Also known as SETTING LINE.
CURTAIN TRACK
A formed or extruded shape that contains moving carriers and supports drapery. They often have a cord or other means to open and close the drapes.
CURTAIN WARMER
Lighting illuminating the curtains that are closed across a theater stage. They help to create a sense of anticipation for the audience before the play begins or during an intermission.
CYCLORAMA
Usually shortened to just "cyc". A flat or curved plain cloth filling the rear of the stage or studio. The cyclorama is used to reflect colored light backgrounds.
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A metal clamp, usually aluminum or steel, used to securing a device such as a stage light to a pipe batten, boom, etc.
CABLE CRADLE
A device that supports an electrical cable loop and prevents sharp bends. It often has a hole for attachment of a lifting line.
CALL
The time that an actor or technician must arrive at the theater for a rehearsal or performance.
CALL BOARD
A designated space backstage (usually a wall or portion of a wall, bulletin board or dry erase board) that displays information for the CAST and CREW of a performance, and venue staff.
CAMLOCK
A trade name, describing a single pole connector used on professional power distribution & dimming systems. A separate connector is used for each phase/neutral of the supply.
CAST
Actors or performers in a show or production.
CATWALK
A narrow walkway suspended from building structure used for access to overhead theatrical equipment such as lighting, sound, and sometimes scenery as well as access to other destinations within the theater.
CCTV
Closed Circuit Television. A video relay system, used in the theatre to give a view of the stage to remote technical operators (especially stage managers). Also used to give musical performers a view of the conductor (and vice versa) to help in keeping time. It's called Closed Circuit because the signal is not being broadcast anywhere - there's a direct link between camera and monitor.
CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
Certificate issued by a building inspector with local jurisdiction that certifies that a building meets codes and is safe to use.
CERTIFIED RIGGER
A rigger who has passed the "Entertainment Technician Certification Program" (ETCP) exam and is recognized as competent to do rigging for a period of time. This certification is based on both experience and a written test.
CHASE
A repeated sequence of changing lighting states that gives the effect of moving lights.
CLEAT
Piece of wood or metal for tying off a rope line by taking a turn around it, followed by a series of figure eight turns and a locking tuck(s) made in the final turn. Used when flying or for holding scenic pieces together with a cleat line.
CLEW
Device that connects several ropes or cables to one, usually stronger, rope or cable.
COFFIN LOCK
A term for a blind panel connector (also called a Butt-Joint Fastener) often used in the entertainment industry to join together stage decks or scenery in a butt joint or cabinet and lid locks on road cases. These are typically two part connectors (male and female) that draw together and lock.
COLOR FILTER
A sheet of plastic used to alter the color being emitted from a stage light. The colored filter absorbs all the colors of light except the color of the filter itself, which it allows through. Filters used to be made from gelatin, from which came the still-used name GEL.
COMPANY
The CAST, CREW, and support staff of a performance.
COMPANY SWITCH
A high voltage power distribution panel located on or near the stage or performance area that provides temporary power to stage equipment, such as a touring production's sound or lighting gear.
CONCERT HALL
A performance space designed primarily for symphonic/orchestral performances with a seat count typically in the range of over 1,000 seats.
CONTINENTAL SEATING
Auditorium seating layout where there is no central aisle, but wider spacing between rows to allow people to pass those that are already seated.
CONTROL BOOTH
Room at the rear of the auditorium where lighting and sometimes sound is operated from. The stage manager calling the cues is very often at the side of the stage (traditionally stage left) but in some venues he/she may be in the control booth also. The control booth is usually soundproofed from the auditorium so that communications between operators cannot be heard by the audience. A large viewing window is obviously essential, as is a show relay system so that the performance can be heard by the operators. Obviously if sound is being mixed, the operator should be able to hear the same as the audience, so some control rooms have sliding or removable windows, or a completely separate room for sound mixing. Where possible, the sound desk is moved into the auditorium so that the operator can hear the same as the audience.
CONTROL CONSOLE
An electronic, usually digital, device that typically sits atop a desk, counter, or other surface that controls lighting, audio (often called MIXER), and automated rigging. Also called BOARD.
COUNTERWEIGHT
1. Weights, usually flame cut steel or cast iron, that are placed in counterweight arbors to balance the weight of loads hung on battens. 2. The act of adding or removing weight from a set in order to achieve a balanced system.
COUNTERWEIGHT RIGGING
A manual style rigging system where a line set load is balanced by a counterweight so that only a small force is required to overcome friction and move the load.
CREW
All of the people involved in the operation of a performance with the exception of the CAST.
CROSSFADE
1. Bringing up a new lighting area on stage while at the same time bringing down another area somewhere else on stage. 2. A common type of audio transition between two clips, in which the first clip's audio fades down while the second clip's audio simultaneously fades up. During the crossfade, audio from both clips is heard.
CROSSOVER
1. Backstage, a route leading from one side of the stage to the other, out of the audiences view. In the auditorium or audience chamber, a route leading from one side of the house to the other, often between aisles. 2. An electronic filter in a sound system that routes sound of the correct frequency to the correct part of the speaker system.
CSI
Abbreviation for Construction Specifications Institute
CUE
1. The command given to technicians to carry out a particular operation, such as lighting cue, fly cue, and sound cue. Cues are normally given by the stage manager, but may be taken directly from the action such as a visual cue at a particular point in a performance. 2. Any signal (spoken line, action or time count) that indicates an action should follow for performers, musicians, or technicians. 3. A programmed set of actions and timing within theatrical control equipment such as lighting or rigging controls.
CUE TO CUE
A type of rehearsal, usually a technical rehearsal, where performers' actions and dialog are cut to save time in order to rehearse technical cues and scene changes.
CURTAIN
Any fabric panel that is hung as part of a scene or to mask unwanted views.
CURTAIN CALL
Occurs at the end of a performance, often indicated by the closing and reopening of the main curtain or after a lighting blackout, when performers — as individuals or as a group — return to the stage to be recognized by and bow for the audience. Also called "Final Bow".
CURTAIN LINE
The imaginary line across the acting or performance space marking the point where the main curtain is flown. Also known as SETTING LINE.
CURTAIN TRACK
A formed or extruded shape that contains moving carriers and supports drapery. They often have a cord or other means to open and close the drapes.
CURTAIN WARMER
Lighting illuminating the curtains that are closed across a theater stage. They help to create a sense of anticipation for the audience before the play begins or during an intermission.
CYCLORAMA
Usually shortened to just "cyc". A flat or curved plain cloth filling the rear of the stage or studio. The cyclorama is used to reflect colored light backgrounds.
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D
DAISY CHAIN
Connecting devices together by linking from one to the next in a chain, such as power and control/data between ligting instruments.
DANCE FLOOR
A floor of special construction that absorbs impact by providing a spring usually using rubber or neoprene pads at its base allowing dancers to jump and leap without damaging their knees.
DANCE FLOORING
Typically a roll-up, portable type vinyl floor covering used for dance performances. Also known as MARLEY.
DARK
When a venue is closed to the public or when the venue is in preparation for the next show.
DASHPOT
An adjustable, hydraulic ram that smoothly slows and stops a moving object.
DEAD END
The end of a rope or part of a device that is not active or load carrying.
DEAD HANG / DEAD HUNG
Directly fixed to the structure or attached at a fixed elevation using chain, rods, or cable.
DEAD LOAD
The permanent or non-removable part of a system load; such as the weight of a batten versus the load hung from it.
DECK
Stage floor.
DESIGN FACTOR
A ratio of the design load to the breaking strength of a material or component.
DESIGN LOAD
The load that a system or equipment item is designed to carry. This load can be made up of dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, and environmental forces.
DIFFUSE
To spread light softly, often by use of a diffusing filter medium.
DIFFUSION FILTER
A filter used to soften the edges of a light beam. Different strengths of diffuser. Sometimes called "frost".
DIMMER
An electrical or electronic device that controls the amount of electricity passed to a stage light, controlling the intensity of the stage light's output.
DIMMER RACK
A number of individual lighting dimmers built into a single case, or rack.
DMX-512A
Usually shortened to "DMX", Digital Multiplex is a standard for digital communication networks that are commonly used to control stage lighting and effects. It was originally intended as a standardized method for controlling light dimmers, which, prior to DMX512, had employed various incompatible proprietary protocols.
DOLLY
A small wheeled platform used to move heavy items.
DOUBLE PURCHASE
A rope or cable that passes from a lifting device (arbor, winch, or person) over a block, to a block attached to the load, and tied off at the previous block, is double purchased. The system allows twice as much load to be raised for a given effort, but the rope or cable must be pulled twice as far, so total work done remains the same.
DOWNLIGHT
A light from directly above the acting area.
DOWNSTAGE
The part of the stage nearest the audience.
DRAPES
Stage curtains.
DRAW CURTAIN
See TRAVELER CURTAIN.
DRESS REHEARSAL
A full rehearsal with all technical and creative elements brought together as it will be presented to an audience.
DRESSING ROOMS
Rooms containing clothes rails and mirrors (often surrounded with lights) in which actors change into their costumes and apply make-up.
DYNAMIC LOAD
The loads in a system that change in magnitude, direction or location over time.
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Connecting devices together by linking from one to the next in a chain, such as power and control/data between ligting instruments.
DANCE FLOOR
A floor of special construction that absorbs impact by providing a spring usually using rubber or neoprene pads at its base allowing dancers to jump and leap without damaging their knees.
DANCE FLOORING
Typically a roll-up, portable type vinyl floor covering used for dance performances. Also known as MARLEY.
DARK
When a venue is closed to the public or when the venue is in preparation for the next show.
DASHPOT
An adjustable, hydraulic ram that smoothly slows and stops a moving object.
DEAD END
The end of a rope or part of a device that is not active or load carrying.
DEAD HANG / DEAD HUNG
Directly fixed to the structure or attached at a fixed elevation using chain, rods, or cable.
DEAD LOAD
The permanent or non-removable part of a system load; such as the weight of a batten versus the load hung from it.
DECK
Stage floor.
DESIGN FACTOR
A ratio of the design load to the breaking strength of a material or component.
DESIGN LOAD
The load that a system or equipment item is designed to carry. This load can be made up of dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, and environmental forces.
DIFFUSE
To spread light softly, often by use of a diffusing filter medium.
DIFFUSION FILTER
A filter used to soften the edges of a light beam. Different strengths of diffuser. Sometimes called "frost".
DIMMER
An electrical or electronic device that controls the amount of electricity passed to a stage light, controlling the intensity of the stage light's output.
DIMMER RACK
A number of individual lighting dimmers built into a single case, or rack.
DMX-512A
Usually shortened to "DMX", Digital Multiplex is a standard for digital communication networks that are commonly used to control stage lighting and effects. It was originally intended as a standardized method for controlling light dimmers, which, prior to DMX512, had employed various incompatible proprietary protocols.
DOLLY
A small wheeled platform used to move heavy items.
DOUBLE PURCHASE
A rope or cable that passes from a lifting device (arbor, winch, or person) over a block, to a block attached to the load, and tied off at the previous block, is double purchased. The system allows twice as much load to be raised for a given effort, but the rope or cable must be pulled twice as far, so total work done remains the same.
DOWNLIGHT
A light from directly above the acting area.
DOWNSTAGE
The part of the stage nearest the audience.
DRAPES
Stage curtains.
DRAW CURTAIN
See TRAVELER CURTAIN.
DRESS REHEARSAL
A full rehearsal with all technical and creative elements brought together as it will be presented to an audience.
DRESSING ROOMS
Rooms containing clothes rails and mirrors (often surrounded with lights) in which actors change into their costumes and apply make-up.
DYNAMIC LOAD
The loads in a system that change in magnitude, direction or location over time.
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E
EGRESS
A path or walkway leading to an exit.
ELECTRIC
A pipe batten used to support lighting lighting equipment typically above a stage.
EMERGENCY STOP
Commonly shortened to "E-STOP", a button type safety switch that will immediately halt any movement and prevent further movement of a motorized rigging system until the system is re-set.
EMERGENCY TRANSFER CABINET
A code driven electronic switching devise that can sense interruption in power flow, and switch to auxiliary power coming from another source.
END STOP
1. Position at the end of a traveling device. 2. Mechanical device that physically limits travel.
ENTERTAINMENT TECHNICIAN CERTIFICATION PROGRAM (ETCP)
An industry-wide program certifying professional entertainment technicians via rigorous assessment exams.
ESTA
Abbreviation for Entertainment Service and Technology Association.
E-STOP
See EMERGENCY STOP.
ETCP
Abbreviation for Entertainment Technician Certification Program.
EXIT
As it pertains to a performance, the performer leaving the stage.
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A path or walkway leading to an exit.
ELECTRIC
A pipe batten used to support lighting lighting equipment typically above a stage.
EMERGENCY STOP
Commonly shortened to "E-STOP", a button type safety switch that will immediately halt any movement and prevent further movement of a motorized rigging system until the system is re-set.
EMERGENCY TRANSFER CABINET
A code driven electronic switching devise that can sense interruption in power flow, and switch to auxiliary power coming from another source.
END STOP
1. Position at the end of a traveling device. 2. Mechanical device that physically limits travel.
ENTERTAINMENT TECHNICIAN CERTIFICATION PROGRAM (ETCP)
An industry-wide program certifying professional entertainment technicians via rigorous assessment exams.
ESTA
Abbreviation for Entertainment Service and Technology Association.
E-STOP
See EMERGENCY STOP.
ETCP
Abbreviation for Entertainment Technician Certification Program.
EXIT
As it pertains to a performance, the performer leaving the stage.
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F
FALL ARREST
A device that engages to halt a person or other load that has exceeded a predetermined speed, indicating a falling condition.
FADE
An increase or decrease in lighting intensity or sound level.
FADE DOWN
A slow dimming of the lights to a lower level, but not all the way to blackout.
FADE OUT
A slow dimming of the lights, ending in blackout.
FADE UP
An increase in lighting or sound level, over a given time period.
FADER
A linear slider which is used to set the level of a lighting or sound channel.
FALSE PROSCENIUM
A frame formed by scenic canvas or vertical flat within the proscenium arch. Used to reduce the size of the opening when putting a small set onto a large stage.
FALSE STAGE
A special stage floor laid for a production. For example to allow trucks guided by tracks cut into this false floor, to be moved by steel wires running in the shallow (2 or 3 inch) void between the false floor and the original stage floor. A false stage is also required for putting a revolve onto a stage.
FILTER
1. A sheet of plastic used to alter the beam of light emitted from a stage light, such as altering color, beam dispersion, etc. 2. See COLOR FILTER.
FILTER FRAME
A frame, usually metal, that holds a color filter withing the front end of a stage light. Also called GEL FRAME.
FIRE SAFETY CURTAIN
A non-combustable curtain that closes automatically in event of a fire to prevent heat, smoke and flames on the stage from reaching the audience. See ZETEX.
FIRELINE
Lines installed around the perimeter of a stage-proscenium arch to hold the fire safety curtain open. Firelines connect the curtain to all manual electrical and heat activated devices that release the safety curtain.
FLAT
A scenic element constructed of a wooden fame covered with scenic canvas or thin plywood (often luan plywood) that is painted and positioned on stage as part of a stage set. Flats may be fastened to the stage via rear braces when used during an entire performance or may be suspended from a rigging batten or fastened to a wagon to allow the flat to be moved into and out of the performance area as needed.
FLEET ANGLE
The angle formed between the center line of a sheave or drum and another sheave or fixed point.
FLOOR BLOCK
Pulley mounted at the floor to hold a rope or cable in position and to reverse its direction.
FLOOR POCKET
A metal box mounted flush within the stage floor with hinged lid that contains connections for sound and lighting system.
FLOWN
Suspended in a manner that permits the equipment to be raised and lowered.
FLY
1. The act of lifting scenery, lights, and curtains. 2. Another term for the rigging system.
FLY GALLERY
High working platform at the side(s) of the stage from which the flying lines are handled.
FLY LOFT
The space between the roof and the performance area that is not visible to the audience.
FLYMAN
Term for the operator of the theater's flying system.
FLY RAIL
See LOCKING RAIL.
FOCUSING
The process of adjusting the direction, beam size and shape, and quality of light to the stage.
FOH
Abbreviation for FRONT OF HOUSE.
FOLDBACK
The use of rear-facing loudspeakers known as monitors on stage during a performance. These loudspeaker provide sound to the performers.
FOLLOWSPOT
A powerful stage light, typically floor-standing, that projects a bright beam of light onto a performance space. Spotlights are controlled by a spotlight operator who follows performers movement on the stage with the beam of light.
FOOTLIGHTS
A compartmentalized batten sometimes recessed into the front edge of the stage, used to neutralize shadows cast by overhead lighting. Modern lighting equipment renders footlights virtually obsolete except for period/special effects.
FORESTAGE
See APRON.
FRESNEL
A type of stage light which produces an even, soft-edged beam of light through a Fresnel lens. The lens is a series of stepped concentric circles on the front and pebbled on the back and is named after its French inventor, Augustin Jean Fresnel.
FRONT LIGHTING
The direction of light that's most useful for ensuring the audience can see the actors clearly.
FRONT OF HOUSE (FOH)
1. Term for areas of the theater other than the stage, usually referring to the audience and lobby areas. 2. Term used to describe the staff who manage the audience including ticketing and ushering staff.
FULLNESS
Additional fabric that is added to a curtain to be sewn into pleats. 100 percent fullness means that the curtain would be double its finished width before the pleats are made.
FUSIBLE LINK
Used in fire curtain systems, a device consisting of two metal parts that are soldered together. The solder melts at a predetermined temperature allowing the two halves to separate.
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A device that engages to halt a person or other load that has exceeded a predetermined speed, indicating a falling condition.
FADE
An increase or decrease in lighting intensity or sound level.
FADE DOWN
A slow dimming of the lights to a lower level, but not all the way to blackout.
FADE OUT
A slow dimming of the lights, ending in blackout.
FADE UP
An increase in lighting or sound level, over a given time period.
FADER
A linear slider which is used to set the level of a lighting or sound channel.
FALSE PROSCENIUM
A frame formed by scenic canvas or vertical flat within the proscenium arch. Used to reduce the size of the opening when putting a small set onto a large stage.
FALSE STAGE
A special stage floor laid for a production. For example to allow trucks guided by tracks cut into this false floor, to be moved by steel wires running in the shallow (2 or 3 inch) void between the false floor and the original stage floor. A false stage is also required for putting a revolve onto a stage.
FILTER
1. A sheet of plastic used to alter the beam of light emitted from a stage light, such as altering color, beam dispersion, etc. 2. See COLOR FILTER.
FILTER FRAME
A frame, usually metal, that holds a color filter withing the front end of a stage light. Also called GEL FRAME.
FIRE SAFETY CURTAIN
A non-combustable curtain that closes automatically in event of a fire to prevent heat, smoke and flames on the stage from reaching the audience. See ZETEX.
FIRELINE
Lines installed around the perimeter of a stage-proscenium arch to hold the fire safety curtain open. Firelines connect the curtain to all manual electrical and heat activated devices that release the safety curtain.
FLAT
A scenic element constructed of a wooden fame covered with scenic canvas or thin plywood (often luan plywood) that is painted and positioned on stage as part of a stage set. Flats may be fastened to the stage via rear braces when used during an entire performance or may be suspended from a rigging batten or fastened to a wagon to allow the flat to be moved into and out of the performance area as needed.
FLEET ANGLE
The angle formed between the center line of a sheave or drum and another sheave or fixed point.
FLOOR BLOCK
Pulley mounted at the floor to hold a rope or cable in position and to reverse its direction.
FLOOR POCKET
A metal box mounted flush within the stage floor with hinged lid that contains connections for sound and lighting system.
FLOWN
Suspended in a manner that permits the equipment to be raised and lowered.
FLY
1. The act of lifting scenery, lights, and curtains. 2. Another term for the rigging system.
FLY GALLERY
High working platform at the side(s) of the stage from which the flying lines are handled.
FLY LOFT
The space between the roof and the performance area that is not visible to the audience.
FLYMAN
Term for the operator of the theater's flying system.
FLY RAIL
See LOCKING RAIL.
FOCUSING
The process of adjusting the direction, beam size and shape, and quality of light to the stage.
FOH
Abbreviation for FRONT OF HOUSE.
FOLDBACK
The use of rear-facing loudspeakers known as monitors on stage during a performance. These loudspeaker provide sound to the performers.
FOLLOWSPOT
A powerful stage light, typically floor-standing, that projects a bright beam of light onto a performance space. Spotlights are controlled by a spotlight operator who follows performers movement on the stage with the beam of light.
FOOTLIGHTS
A compartmentalized batten sometimes recessed into the front edge of the stage, used to neutralize shadows cast by overhead lighting. Modern lighting equipment renders footlights virtually obsolete except for period/special effects.
FORESTAGE
See APRON.
FRESNEL
A type of stage light which produces an even, soft-edged beam of light through a Fresnel lens. The lens is a series of stepped concentric circles on the front and pebbled on the back and is named after its French inventor, Augustin Jean Fresnel.
FRONT LIGHTING
The direction of light that's most useful for ensuring the audience can see the actors clearly.
FRONT OF HOUSE (FOH)
1. Term for areas of the theater other than the stage, usually referring to the audience and lobby areas. 2. Term used to describe the staff who manage the audience including ticketing and ushering staff.
FULLNESS
Additional fabric that is added to a curtain to be sewn into pleats. 100 percent fullness means that the curtain would be double its finished width before the pleats are made.
FUSIBLE LINK
Used in fire curtain systems, a device consisting of two metal parts that are soldered together. The solder melts at a predetermined temperature allowing the two halves to separate.
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G
GAFFER TAPE
Ubiquitous sticky cloth tape of various widths and colors used in theaters for everything from creating SPIKE MARKS or temporarily securing cables to the stage surface. Different from "duct tape", gaffer tape is preferred in theater and stage applications as the tape is typically stronger than duct tape and its adhesion doesn't leave behind a gummy residue as duct tape typically does.
GALLERY
1. Any platform or catwalk above and to the side of the stage floor. 2. A raised audience seating area.
GEL
See COLOR FILTER.
GEL FRAME
See FILTER FRAME.
GHOST LIGHT
Commonly used as a safety light. A light left burning overnight on stage to keep friendly spirits illuminated and unfriendly spirits at bay. Also believed to keep the theatrical muse in a 'dark' theatre, and to stop people tripping over bits of scenery when they come into the theatre in the morning.
GOBO
1. A thin metal plate etched to produce a design which can then be projected by a profile/ellipsoidal spotlight. 2. A glass plate with a color image which can then be projected by a profile/ellipsoidal spotlight.
GREEN ROOM
A lounge for performers and/or technicians usually with controlled access to the public.
GRAND DRAPE
The main stage curtain that is normally the most ornate and of a color other than black that is located just upstage of the proscenium. Also known as PROSCENIUM CURTAIN, MAIN CURTAIN, and GRAND CURTAIN.
GRIDIRON
Usually shortened to "grid", an open floor, usually made from light steel channels or grating, that is located near the roof steel. It provides mounting locations for rigging equipment and access to that equipment for inspection and maintenance.
GUILLOTINE
The vertical raising and lowering of a curtain.
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Ubiquitous sticky cloth tape of various widths and colors used in theaters for everything from creating SPIKE MARKS or temporarily securing cables to the stage surface. Different from "duct tape", gaffer tape is preferred in theater and stage applications as the tape is typically stronger than duct tape and its adhesion doesn't leave behind a gummy residue as duct tape typically does.
GALLERY
1. Any platform or catwalk above and to the side of the stage floor. 2. A raised audience seating area.
GEL
See COLOR FILTER.
GEL FRAME
See FILTER FRAME.
GHOST LIGHT
Commonly used as a safety light. A light left burning overnight on stage to keep friendly spirits illuminated and unfriendly spirits at bay. Also believed to keep the theatrical muse in a 'dark' theatre, and to stop people tripping over bits of scenery when they come into the theatre in the morning.
GOBO
1. A thin metal plate etched to produce a design which can then be projected by a profile/ellipsoidal spotlight. 2. A glass plate with a color image which can then be projected by a profile/ellipsoidal spotlight.
GREEN ROOM
A lounge for performers and/or technicians usually with controlled access to the public.
GRAND DRAPE
The main stage curtain that is normally the most ornate and of a color other than black that is located just upstage of the proscenium. Also known as PROSCENIUM CURTAIN, MAIN CURTAIN, and GRAND CURTAIN.
GRIDIRON
Usually shortened to "grid", an open floor, usually made from light steel channels or grating, that is located near the roof steel. It provides mounting locations for rigging equipment and access to that equipment for inspection and maintenance.
GUILLOTINE
The vertical raising and lowering of a curtain.
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H
HAND LINE
A line, usually rope, that is pulled by hand to lift or control the movement of a load.
HEAD BLOCK
A pulley mounted to support steel that changes the direction of lift and operating lines between the loft blocks and an arbor or winch.
HEAD BLOCK BEAMS
Structural framing designed to support the head blocks and all related loads. Usually consisting of one or two beams and associated bracing members.
HOIST
A powered lifting machine. Also called WINCH.
HOUSE
1. The audience. 2. The auditorium or audience chamber.
HOUSE LIGHTS
Non-stage lighting to illuminate the audience chamber which is commonly faded out when the performance starts.
HOUSE MANAGER
The person responsible for the public areas of the theater, such as the auditorium, the audience, and the Front of House staff.
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A line, usually rope, that is pulled by hand to lift or control the movement of a load.
HEAD BLOCK
A pulley mounted to support steel that changes the direction of lift and operating lines between the loft blocks and an arbor or winch.
HEAD BLOCK BEAMS
Structural framing designed to support the head blocks and all related loads. Usually consisting of one or two beams and associated bracing members.
HOIST
A powered lifting machine. Also called WINCH.
HOUSE
1. The audience. 2. The auditorium or audience chamber.
HOUSE LIGHTS
Non-stage lighting to illuminate the audience chamber which is commonly faded out when the performance starts.
HOUSE MANAGER
The person responsible for the public areas of the theater, such as the auditorium, the audience, and the Front of House staff.
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I
IDLER
A pulley designed to support one or more cables but not to make direction changes.
IN THE ROUND
Theater in the Round is a form of audience seating layout where the acting area is surrounded on all sides by seating. There are often a number of entrances through the seating.
INDEX LIGHTS
A series of lamps in a special housing designed to illuminate the locking or pinrail area.
INTELLIGENT LIGHT
See AUTOMATED LIGHTING INSTRUMENT.
IRISING
Using the adjustable aperture on a lighting instrument to reduce the size of the light beam hitting the stage.
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A pulley designed to support one or more cables but not to make direction changes.
IN THE ROUND
Theater in the Round is a form of audience seating layout where the acting area is surrounded on all sides by seating. There are often a number of entrances through the seating.
INDEX LIGHTS
A series of lamps in a special housing designed to illuminate the locking or pinrail area.
INTELLIGENT LIGHT
See AUTOMATED LIGHTING INSTRUMENT.
IRISING
Using the adjustable aperture on a lighting instrument to reduce the size of the light beam hitting the stage.
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J
J-GUIDES
J-shaped aluminum members fixed in parallel rows for the purpose of guiding arbors or clews.
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J-shaped aluminum members fixed in parallel rows for the purpose of guiding arbors or clews.
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K
KELVIN
A measure of light color temperature, abbreviated "K".
KEY LIGHT
The dominant light source/direction in a lighting state.
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A measure of light color temperature, abbreviated "K".
KEY LIGHT
The dominant light source/direction in a lighting state.
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L
LADDER
1. Climbable piece of access equipment to reach a working platform or for short light-duty work at height. 2. Non-climbable structure in the shape of a ladder from which stage lights can be hung in a vertical 'stack'.
LAMP
The light bulb used in stage lights.
LECTERN
An upright desk or stand, usually with a slanted top, used to hold text or music for a public speaker. Often confused with PODIUM.
LEG CURTAIN "LEGS"
A curtain used to define the side limit of the stage and to mask from the audience's view actors, lights, and unused scenery in the off stage area (wings).
LENO FILLED SCRIM
Similar to a sharkstooth scrim but with the openings in the weave filled in. This results in diffuse and softened reflected light.
LENS
Optical glass with one or both sides curved, the purpose of which is to direct light by concentrating or dispersing light beams.
LIFT
Machinery that raises and lowers sections of the stage to make moving of heavy items (e.g. piano etc.) easier or scene changes. Sometimes the forestage doubles as the orchestra pit by use of a lift.
LIFT LINE
Any rope or cable located between a load and a winch or counterweight arbor.
LIGHTING INSTRUMENT
General term for unit of a light source including spotlight, flood, etc. used to light a performance area. Also known as LUMINAIRE.
LIGHTING PLOT
A scale drawing detailing the exact location of each lighting instrument used in a production and pertinent information such as circuiting and control, focus position, color, etc., usually drawing in plan view (looking down onto the floorplan of the stage).
LIMIT SWITCH
Part of a scenic automation or powered flying system - a switch positioned to send a signal to the controller when it's reached the end of it's travel.
LINE SET
A group of components in a rigging system that lift, lower, or suspend a load for a specific pipe batten. In an automated/motorized rigging system this includes the hoist/winch and lift lines associated with each pipe batten; in a manual rigging system this includes the counterweight arbor, hand line, and lift lines associated with each pipe batten. A theater typically has several line sets serving theatrical elements such as various stage curtains, stage lighting, orchestra shell ceilings, scenery, etc. Line sets are spaced as needed in a venue, most typically on 6", 8", 10" or 12" centers or multiples of those spacings.
LOAD-IN
The process of, or time-period for, moving sets, props, etc, into a theatre before a production.
LOAD-OUT
The process of, or time-period for, moving sets, props, etc, out of a theatre after a production.
LOADING DOCK
A large entrance from outside of the theater for the loading and unloading of scenery, theatrical equipment, supplies, etc., into the stage house usually through oversized doors and usually accommodating delivery trucks.
LOADING BRIDGE / LOADING GALLERY
A high level platform above the fly floor at the side of the stage where the fly lines are operated, where weights can be loaded into the cradles of the counterweight system. It is at high level so that weights can be loaded when the bar is at the lowest point (usually 48" above stage level).
LOCKING RAIL
The part of the flying system in the theatre where the brakes and rope locks are applied to the ropes to ensure that a fly bar cannot move once set. Sometimes also called FLY RAIL.
LOFT BLOCK
A pulley mounted to the gridiron or support steel that supports and changes the direction of a lift line cable between the load and the head block.
LOFT WELL
1. An opening in the gridiron designed for the attachment of loft blocks so that lift lines can pass through it. 2. An opening in the gridiron designed so cables can pass through from blocks mounted above without rubbing against the opening.
LOGE
The part of a theater mezzanine or balcony closest to the stage.
LUMEN
A measure of brightness of light from a source.
LUMINAIRE
See LIGHTING INSTRUMENT.
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1. Climbable piece of access equipment to reach a working platform or for short light-duty work at height. 2. Non-climbable structure in the shape of a ladder from which stage lights can be hung in a vertical 'stack'.
LAMP
The light bulb used in stage lights.
LECTERN
An upright desk or stand, usually with a slanted top, used to hold text or music for a public speaker. Often confused with PODIUM.
LEG CURTAIN "LEGS"
A curtain used to define the side limit of the stage and to mask from the audience's view actors, lights, and unused scenery in the off stage area (wings).
LENO FILLED SCRIM
Similar to a sharkstooth scrim but with the openings in the weave filled in. This results in diffuse and softened reflected light.
LENS
Optical glass with one or both sides curved, the purpose of which is to direct light by concentrating or dispersing light beams.
LIFT
Machinery that raises and lowers sections of the stage to make moving of heavy items (e.g. piano etc.) easier or scene changes. Sometimes the forestage doubles as the orchestra pit by use of a lift.
LIFT LINE
Any rope or cable located between a load and a winch or counterweight arbor.
LIGHTING INSTRUMENT
General term for unit of a light source including spotlight, flood, etc. used to light a performance area. Also known as LUMINAIRE.
LIGHTING PLOT
A scale drawing detailing the exact location of each lighting instrument used in a production and pertinent information such as circuiting and control, focus position, color, etc., usually drawing in plan view (looking down onto the floorplan of the stage).
LIMIT SWITCH
Part of a scenic automation or powered flying system - a switch positioned to send a signal to the controller when it's reached the end of it's travel.
LINE SET
A group of components in a rigging system that lift, lower, or suspend a load for a specific pipe batten. In an automated/motorized rigging system this includes the hoist/winch and lift lines associated with each pipe batten; in a manual rigging system this includes the counterweight arbor, hand line, and lift lines associated with each pipe batten. A theater typically has several line sets serving theatrical elements such as various stage curtains, stage lighting, orchestra shell ceilings, scenery, etc. Line sets are spaced as needed in a venue, most typically on 6", 8", 10" or 12" centers or multiples of those spacings.
LOAD-IN
The process of, or time-period for, moving sets, props, etc, into a theatre before a production.
LOAD-OUT
The process of, or time-period for, moving sets, props, etc, out of a theatre after a production.
LOADING DOCK
A large entrance from outside of the theater for the loading and unloading of scenery, theatrical equipment, supplies, etc., into the stage house usually through oversized doors and usually accommodating delivery trucks.
LOADING BRIDGE / LOADING GALLERY
A high level platform above the fly floor at the side of the stage where the fly lines are operated, where weights can be loaded into the cradles of the counterweight system. It is at high level so that weights can be loaded when the bar is at the lowest point (usually 48" above stage level).
LOCKING RAIL
The part of the flying system in the theatre where the brakes and rope locks are applied to the ropes to ensure that a fly bar cannot move once set. Sometimes also called FLY RAIL.
LOFT BLOCK
A pulley mounted to the gridiron or support steel that supports and changes the direction of a lift line cable between the load and the head block.
LOFT WELL
1. An opening in the gridiron designed for the attachment of loft blocks so that lift lines can pass through it. 2. An opening in the gridiron designed so cables can pass through from blocks mounted above without rubbing against the opening.
LOGE
The part of a theater mezzanine or balcony closest to the stage.
LUMEN
A measure of brightness of light from a source.
LUMINAIRE
See LIGHTING INSTRUMENT.
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M
MAIN CURTAIN
See GRAND DRAPE.
MARQUEE
A canopy or roof that projects over a theatre entrance usually bearing a sign that advertises the names of the theatre, current production, actors, etc. Now, often used to mean only the sign.
MARLEY
See DANCE FLOORING.
MASKING
A set of curtains (typically black in color) or scenic elements used to define the visual limits of a performance area and obscure the audiences sight to the backstage areas.
MEZZANINE
1. The lowest balcony in a venue with multiple balconies. 2. A story level with low ceiling between two main stories of a building especially : an intermediate story that projects in the form of a balcony.
MIC
Abbreviated, shortened version of "Microphone".
MICROPHONE
Device for converting sound into electrical pulses which can then be amplified or recorded. Abbreviated MIC.
MIX POSITION
A location within the theater, often a temporary location, where a sound mixing console is operated during a performance.
MONITOR
1. An onstage or backstage speaker which allows a performer to hear the output of the sound system. 2. A video display screen (not normally able to receive broadcast TV pictures) used with a CCTV system or a computer.
MOTOR-ASSIST RIGGING
Used as part of a counterweight rigging system, motor-assist systems utilize a drum winch, typically mounted behind the locking rail below the arbor, is used to drive a steel cable purchase line. Weight on the arbor helps balance the batten load so that hoist motor size can remain relatively small. It is often feasible to retrofit a standard counterweight line set to become a motor-assist set.
MOTORIZED RIGGING
A theatrical rigging system using electric powered hoists (winches) to move equipment with electronic controls. See AUTOMATED RIGGING.
MOUSE
To wrap the end of a rope, cable, or turnbuckle to prevent it from unwinding.
MOVING LIGHT
See AUTOMATED LIGHTING INSTRUMENT.
MULTIPURPOSE THEATER
A style of theatre that, usually for economic reasons, is designed to accommodate a variety of performance styles such as symphonic, opera, theatre, dance, ballet, etc. The theatre is usually proscenium in style with larger seating counts over 1,000 seats spread over several floors and balconies. The hall is usually designed with variable acoustics to allow for changes in reverberation time depending on type of performance.
MUSLIN
A solid, opaque fabric that can be used as a backdrop and can be painted, and/or lighted to create special effects on stage.
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See GRAND DRAPE.
MARQUEE
A canopy or roof that projects over a theatre entrance usually bearing a sign that advertises the names of the theatre, current production, actors, etc. Now, often used to mean only the sign.
MARLEY
See DANCE FLOORING.
MASKING
A set of curtains (typically black in color) or scenic elements used to define the visual limits of a performance area and obscure the audiences sight to the backstage areas.
MEZZANINE
1. The lowest balcony in a venue with multiple balconies. 2. A story level with low ceiling between two main stories of a building especially : an intermediate story that projects in the form of a balcony.
MIC
Abbreviated, shortened version of "Microphone".
MICROPHONE
Device for converting sound into electrical pulses which can then be amplified or recorded. Abbreviated MIC.
MIX POSITION
A location within the theater, often a temporary location, where a sound mixing console is operated during a performance.
MONITOR
1. An onstage or backstage speaker which allows a performer to hear the output of the sound system. 2. A video display screen (not normally able to receive broadcast TV pictures) used with a CCTV system or a computer.
MOTOR-ASSIST RIGGING
Used as part of a counterweight rigging system, motor-assist systems utilize a drum winch, typically mounted behind the locking rail below the arbor, is used to drive a steel cable purchase line. Weight on the arbor helps balance the batten load so that hoist motor size can remain relatively small. It is often feasible to retrofit a standard counterweight line set to become a motor-assist set.
MOTORIZED RIGGING
A theatrical rigging system using electric powered hoists (winches) to move equipment with electronic controls. See AUTOMATED RIGGING.
MOUSE
To wrap the end of a rope, cable, or turnbuckle to prevent it from unwinding.
MOVING LIGHT
See AUTOMATED LIGHTING INSTRUMENT.
MULTIPURPOSE THEATER
A style of theatre that, usually for economic reasons, is designed to accommodate a variety of performance styles such as symphonic, opera, theatre, dance, ballet, etc. The theatre is usually proscenium in style with larger seating counts over 1,000 seats spread over several floors and balconies. The hall is usually designed with variable acoustics to allow for changes in reverberation time depending on type of performance.
MUSLIN
A solid, opaque fabric that can be used as a backdrop and can be painted, and/or lighted to create special effects on stage.
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N
NEC
Abbreviation for National Electrical Code (USA)
NEMA
Abbreviation for National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
NON-DIMS
Channels, usually controlled from the lighting control console which are switched, rather than dimmed. This enables LED lighting, motors, slide projectors, smoke machines etc to be controlled from the lighting control console.
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Abbreviation for National Electrical Code (USA)
NEMA
Abbreviation for National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
NON-DIMS
Channels, usually controlled from the lighting control console which are switched, rather than dimmed. This enables LED lighting, motors, slide projectors, smoke machines etc to be controlled from the lighting control console.
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O
OFFSTAGE
1. A movement towards the center of the stage from the sides. 2. The stage floor area that is not a part of the acting area and is not visible to the audience.
OLIO CURTAIN
A curtain located between the "Front" or "Act" curtains and the "Rear" curtain that closes off a portion of the acting area for more intimate presentations. It is often colored or decorative.
ONSTAGE
1. A movement towards the center of the stage from the sides. 2. The portion of the stage area visible to the audience, usually defined by masking curtains, scenery, an orchestra shell, or by lighting.
OPERA HALL
A type of performance space that combines a proscenium style theatre with a larger seating count such as in a concert hall. The space is typically multi-level with several balconies, side-tiers, and boxes. The stage is typically quite large to accommodate a larger cast and larger scenery and usually has more extensive stage machinery than is found in smaller theatres.
OPERATING LINE
The line that an operator pulls to move, position, or hold a counterbalanced line or traveling curtain.
ORCHESTRA LEVEL
The main floor of audience seating. In venues with parterre or orchestra terrace / orchestra circle seating, it is the portion of main level seating closest to the stage.
ORCHESTRA LIFT
A moving platform that is used to adjust the elevation of the musicians in relation to the stage and auditorium. Usually operates within the confines of an orchestra pit.
ORCHESTRA PIT
A depressed area between the stage and audience seating area where musicians perform, so the audience can hear the music and see the performance over the heads of the musicians.
ORCHESTRA PIT FILLER
Removable platforms that are used to close off the orchestra pit, adjustable legs allowing planks to be at the level of the stage or other heights as determined by number of adjustments available.
ORCHESTRA PIT NET
A detachable net placed over the orchestra pit to catch anyone or anything falling into pit.
ORCHESTRA SHELL
An enclosure on stage, consisting of walls and a ceiling that reflects sound into the auditorium. Usually decorative.
ORCHESTRA TERRACE / CIRCLE
The audience seating area at the rear of or surrounding the orchestra level seating; usually slightly elevated and separated from the orchestra level seating by rail or half wall. Also known as PARTERRE.
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1. A movement towards the center of the stage from the sides. 2. The stage floor area that is not a part of the acting area and is not visible to the audience.
OLIO CURTAIN
A curtain located between the "Front" or "Act" curtains and the "Rear" curtain that closes off a portion of the acting area for more intimate presentations. It is often colored or decorative.
ONSTAGE
1. A movement towards the center of the stage from the sides. 2. The portion of the stage area visible to the audience, usually defined by masking curtains, scenery, an orchestra shell, or by lighting.
OPERA HALL
A type of performance space that combines a proscenium style theatre with a larger seating count such as in a concert hall. The space is typically multi-level with several balconies, side-tiers, and boxes. The stage is typically quite large to accommodate a larger cast and larger scenery and usually has more extensive stage machinery than is found in smaller theatres.
OPERATING LINE
The line that an operator pulls to move, position, or hold a counterbalanced line or traveling curtain.
ORCHESTRA LEVEL
The main floor of audience seating. In venues with parterre or orchestra terrace / orchestra circle seating, it is the portion of main level seating closest to the stage.
ORCHESTRA LIFT
A moving platform that is used to adjust the elevation of the musicians in relation to the stage and auditorium. Usually operates within the confines of an orchestra pit.
ORCHESTRA PIT
A depressed area between the stage and audience seating area where musicians perform, so the audience can hear the music and see the performance over the heads of the musicians.
ORCHESTRA PIT FILLER
Removable platforms that are used to close off the orchestra pit, adjustable legs allowing planks to be at the level of the stage or other heights as determined by number of adjustments available.
ORCHESTRA PIT NET
A detachable net placed over the orchestra pit to catch anyone or anything falling into pit.
ORCHESTRA SHELL
An enclosure on stage, consisting of walls and a ceiling that reflects sound into the auditorium. Usually decorative.
ORCHESTRA TERRACE / CIRCLE
The audience seating area at the rear of or surrounding the orchestra level seating; usually slightly elevated and separated from the orchestra level seating by rail or half wall. Also known as PARTERRE.
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P
PAGE
To place a call backstage via speaker or intercom system to call performers or technicians to a particular location.
PAGING
The act of pulling or holding a curtain back to allow large items or performers to enter or exit on and off stage.
PAINT FRAME
A rigid frame, usually made of wood, to which drops and flats may be attached vertically for painting. They are normally rigged to be raised and lowered so painters can reach all areas of the frame.
PARTERRE
See ORCHESTRA TERRACE / CIRCLE.
PENDANT CONTROL
A hand held controller that is attached to an electrical cable so the operator can move about to obtain better visibility of the devices being controlled.
PERFORMANCE AREA
The portion of the stage that is visible to the audience; often adjustable with masking curtains. Also known as ACTING AREA.
PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEM
System used to prevent an individual from falling from a working level.
PIPE CLAMP
Clamping device that bolts around a pipe for attachment of theatrical devices such as stage lighting or scenic elements.
PIN RAIL
A railing at which spotline rigging is operated and tethered.
PIPE GRID
Horizontal structure hung over a performance area or studio to support lights and scenery. The grid consists of overlapping steel pipes suspended from overhead structure.
PIT
Short for "Orchestra Pit".
PLASTER LINE
The upstage face of the proscenium wall from which equipment and scenery are dimensioned. Also known as SETTING LINE.
PODIUM
An elevated platform, as for an orchestra conductor or public speaker.
POINT HOIST
A single line hoist (winch), used singularly or in groups, to hold a load at a specific point over the stage. They are the motorized equivalent of spot lines, providing the greatest flexibility possible in automated rigging.
PORTAL
A portal consists of a teaser and tormentors that can be moved to adjust the size and shape of the proscenium opening to fit various performance needs. It is usually located just up stage of the front curtain and may have provision for mounting lights.
PROPS
Short for "properties", these are the furnishings, set dressings, and all items large and small that aren't classified as scenery, electrics, or wardrobe.
PROSCENIUM
1. The opening in the proscenium wall through which the stage can be seen by the audience. Also called "Proscenium Arch", "Proscenium Opening", and "Pros". 2. Type of theatre where the stage is located at one end of the auditorium and is architecturally separated from the audience space by a proscenium wall.
PROSCENIUM BOX
An audience box adjacent to the proscenium wall. Also known as "Stage Box". See BOX.
PROSCENIUM WALL
The wall that separates the stage from the audience chamber.
PURCHASE LINE
See "Hand Line".
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To place a call backstage via speaker or intercom system to call performers or technicians to a particular location.
PAGING
The act of pulling or holding a curtain back to allow large items or performers to enter or exit on and off stage.
PAINT FRAME
A rigid frame, usually made of wood, to which drops and flats may be attached vertically for painting. They are normally rigged to be raised and lowered so painters can reach all areas of the frame.
PARTERRE
See ORCHESTRA TERRACE / CIRCLE.
PENDANT CONTROL
A hand held controller that is attached to an electrical cable so the operator can move about to obtain better visibility of the devices being controlled.
PERFORMANCE AREA
The portion of the stage that is visible to the audience; often adjustable with masking curtains. Also known as ACTING AREA.
PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEM
System used to prevent an individual from falling from a working level.
PIPE CLAMP
Clamping device that bolts around a pipe for attachment of theatrical devices such as stage lighting or scenic elements.
PIN RAIL
A railing at which spotline rigging is operated and tethered.
PIPE GRID
Horizontal structure hung over a performance area or studio to support lights and scenery. The grid consists of overlapping steel pipes suspended from overhead structure.
PIT
Short for "Orchestra Pit".
PLASTER LINE
The upstage face of the proscenium wall from which equipment and scenery are dimensioned. Also known as SETTING LINE.
PODIUM
An elevated platform, as for an orchestra conductor or public speaker.
POINT HOIST
A single line hoist (winch), used singularly or in groups, to hold a load at a specific point over the stage. They are the motorized equivalent of spot lines, providing the greatest flexibility possible in automated rigging.
PORTAL
A portal consists of a teaser and tormentors that can be moved to adjust the size and shape of the proscenium opening to fit various performance needs. It is usually located just up stage of the front curtain and may have provision for mounting lights.
PROPS
Short for "properties", these are the furnishings, set dressings, and all items large and small that aren't classified as scenery, electrics, or wardrobe.
PROSCENIUM
1. The opening in the proscenium wall through which the stage can be seen by the audience. Also called "Proscenium Arch", "Proscenium Opening", and "Pros". 2. Type of theatre where the stage is located at one end of the auditorium and is architecturally separated from the audience space by a proscenium wall.
PROSCENIUM BOX
An audience box adjacent to the proscenium wall. Also known as "Stage Box". See BOX.
PROSCENIUM WALL
The wall that separates the stage from the audience chamber.
PURCHASE LINE
See "Hand Line".
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Q
QUICK CHANGE
1. A change of costume that needs to happen very quickly takes place close to the side of the stage. 2. Temporary, portable quick change booths are often erected at the side of the stage to enable changes to take place in privacy.
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1. A change of costume that needs to happen very quickly takes place close to the side of the stage. 2. Temporary, portable quick change booths are often erected at the side of the stage to enable changes to take place in privacy.
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R
RAKE
Sloping floor.
RAKED SEATING
Audience seating area which is sloped, with it's lowest part nearest the stage.
RAKED STAGE
A sloping stage which is raised at the back (upstage) end. All theaters used to be built with raked stages as a matter of course. Today, the stage is often left flat and the auditorium is raked to improve the view of the stage from all seats.
REAR OF HOUSE
See BACK OF HOUSE.
RECITAL HALL
A performance space designed to host soloists and small ensembles, usually up to chamber orchestra size. Recital halls typically have an audience seat count in the range of 150 to 800.
RESULTANT LOAD
A single load resulting from the combination of two or more forces acting on an object.
RIGGING
All of the hardware used to lift, lower, and hold performance equipment such as lights, scenery, and curtains on or above spaces in a theater such as over the stage and audience chamber.
RISER
Any raised platform on stage.
ROAD HOUSE
A theater that is primarily used for touring productions that stay for shorter show runs and that bring their own theatrical equipment.
ROPE LOCK
A cam operated device in a manual counterweight rigging system that clamps the hand line that is attached to an arbor in order to prevent movement. Designed to hold no more than a few pounds of unbalanced load in a line set.
RUN
1. A series of performances of the same production. 2. A rehearsal of an entire performance.
RUN-AWAY
An out-of-balance rigging lineset/batten that is moving beyond the operator's control.
RUNNING LIGHTS
Lights that the audience do not see, but are on during a performance. These lights, often called often emit blue light and are located backstage for illumination during a performance. Modern LED version of these lights allow for color changing - in this case the same fixture can be used as Running Lights during a performance emitting blue color or as general Work Lights between performances emitting white light.
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Sloping floor.
RAKED SEATING
Audience seating area which is sloped, with it's lowest part nearest the stage.
RAKED STAGE
A sloping stage which is raised at the back (upstage) end. All theaters used to be built with raked stages as a matter of course. Today, the stage is often left flat and the auditorium is raked to improve the view of the stage from all seats.
REAR OF HOUSE
See BACK OF HOUSE.
RECITAL HALL
A performance space designed to host soloists and small ensembles, usually up to chamber orchestra size. Recital halls typically have an audience seat count in the range of 150 to 800.
RESULTANT LOAD
A single load resulting from the combination of two or more forces acting on an object.
RIGGING
All of the hardware used to lift, lower, and hold performance equipment such as lights, scenery, and curtains on or above spaces in a theater such as over the stage and audience chamber.
RISER
Any raised platform on stage.
ROAD HOUSE
A theater that is primarily used for touring productions that stay for shorter show runs and that bring their own theatrical equipment.
ROPE LOCK
A cam operated device in a manual counterweight rigging system that clamps the hand line that is attached to an arbor in order to prevent movement. Designed to hold no more than a few pounds of unbalanced load in a line set.
RUN
1. A series of performances of the same production. 2. A rehearsal of an entire performance.
RUN-AWAY
An out-of-balance rigging lineset/batten that is moving beyond the operator's control.
RUNNING LIGHTS
Lights that the audience do not see, but are on during a performance. These lights, often called often emit blue light and are located backstage for illumination during a performance. Modern LED version of these lights allow for color changing - in this case the same fixture can be used as Running Lights during a performance emitting blue color or as general Work Lights between performances emitting white light.
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S
SAFETY CABLE
A wire rope fixed around a hanging instrument such as a stage light to prevent danger in the event of failure of the primary support (such as pipe clamp).
SAFETY FACTOR
The ratio between "Recommended Working Load" and minimum, or average, failure rating that must be furnished above the RWL to account for all of the uncertainties. These can include the actual operating load, shock loads, variations in materials and manufacturing processes, environmental conditions, accuracy of the design theory, and whether failures would endanger human lives.
SAND BAG
A fabric bag that can be filled with sand. Sand bags can be attached to rope rigging as a counterbalance to the load hung from the set or placed upon light boom bases or scenic elements to prevent these elements from tipping over.
SCENE SHOP
Area of the theatre where scenery is constructed. Often shortened to "Shop".
SCRIM CURTAIN
A curtain made from a semi-transparent material that looks solid when lit from the audience side and becomes almost invisible when back lit.
SET
1. Scenery and properties (props) designed and arranged one stage for a particular scene or show. 2. See LINE SET.
SETTING LINE
See CURTAIN LINE.
SHARKSTOOTH SCRIM CURTAIN
See SCRIM CURTAIN.
SHEAVE
A component with a groove around its circumference to support and contain a rope or cable and a bearing at its center to permit rotation about a shaft.
SHIN BUSTERS
A slang term for the lowest stage lights on a lighting boom, often their height is only inches above the stage surface.
SHOCK LOAD
Loads generated by the rapid application of a force or motion to an object or by the collision of moving bodies.
SHOE BOX
The classic form of performance spaces such as concert halls that are rectangular in shape. The shape is typically much longer than it is wide with a high ceiling created a large volume space.
SHOWROOM
A type of theatre designed to accommodate variety or headliner acts or built for a specific production. This type of theatre is typically a theatre within a larger venue such as a casino, hotel, or resort. A showroom may be any style of layout such as proscenium, arena, or thrust. Often showrooms are equipped with stage of the arts machinery and entertainment technologies.
SIGHTLINES
A series of lines drawn on plan and section to show how much of the stage can be seen by the extreme seating positions in the auditorium. Often marked in the wings as a guide to the actors and crew to stay out of view.
SINGLE PURCHASE
A rope or cable passing from a lifting device (arbor, winch, or person) over a block, or series of blocks, to a load is single purchased. Force must be exerted equal to the load to be held or raised.
SMOKE POCKET
A slot consisting of steel channels that supports a guide system at the edges of a fire safety curtain and that helps to prevent smoke passing around the edges of the curtain.
SMOKE SEAL
A fabric flap that mounts on the proscenium wall and contacts the fire curtain in order to form a barrier that reduces the passage of air and smoke between the stage and auditorium.
SNUB LINE
A short piece of rope used to tie down a hand line to prevent movement.
SOFT GOODS
All fabrics used for decoration or masking around and on the stage.
SOUND & LIGHT LOCK
A vestibule that separates the audience chamber from the lobby and circulation areas or the stage from back of house spaces to keep noise and light from entering the audience chamber and stage.
SPIKE MARK
Thin pieces of gaffer tape on a stage floor used to mark the position of scenery or performers on stage. Often various colors of gaffer tape is used to help identify the mark intention and sometimes glow in the dark type tape if the mark needs to be seen during blackouts.
SPILL
Unwanted light on stage.
SPOTLINE RIGGING
A manual or motorized single line type of rigging that is easily installed, relocated, and removed; often rigged with rope.
SPREADER PLATE
In a counterweight rigging system, a thin plate located on arbor rods, spaced by the user at 24" intervals between counterweights, to prevent the rods from spreading apart under a sudden impact load and releasing the counterweights
STAGE
The area of a performance or assembly space that is used for acting and performing. Usually raised above the main level of audience seating and often enclosed by the stage house.
STAGE HOUSE
The part of a theatre building upstage of the proscenium wall. This spaces usually includes the stage, wings, galleries, catwalks, and fly.
STAGE LEFT / STAGE RIGHT
The left and right sides of the stage as viewed from the stage toward the audience.
STAGGERED SEATING
A seating arrangement whereby the seats in alternating rows are offset to permit sight lines.
STRIKE
The disassembling of a stage set, removal of props, and removal of temporary staging, rigged elements, and theatrical equipment after a production returning the stage to its normal condition.
STUDIO THEATER
A theatre with one or more audience galleries on three or four sides of a rectangular room. The main floor can usually be reconfigured into arena, thrust, and flat floor presentations.
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T
TAB CURTAINS
A masking leg that is mounted at right angles to the front of the stage.
TABLEAU CURTAIN
A curtain that is drawn open by a line running through rings located diagonally across the rear of the curtain from the leading edge up to the top on the offstage edge.
TAG LINE
A line attached to a load to assist in controlling its movement.
TEASER
Another name for a border curtain. It often refers to the first masking curtain on stage and is paired with the "Tormentor" legs.
TENSION GRID
A system of tightly interwoven wire rope that serves as a working platform.
THEATER CONSULTANT
A consultant who specializes in the design of facilities for the performing arts, equipment for those facilities, and the operation of theater.
THEATER-IN-THE-ROUND
A type of ARENA THEATER, this theater has the audience seated on all four sides of the acting or performance area.
THEATER STRING
See TIE LINE.
THIMBLE
A grooved fitting around which a rope is bent to form an eye, supporting and protecting the rope from kinking and wear.
THRUST
1. A type of theatre in which the stage is extended so that the audience surrounds it on three sides. 2. Form of stage which projects into the auditorium so that the audience are seated on at least two sides of the extended piece.
TICKET BOOTH
See BOX OFFICE.
TIE LINE
A narrow diameter black braided rope, typically cotton or other soft synthetic material, used to dress cables to battens, tie curtains off to battens, and other lightweight utility applications. Also called TRICK LINE and THEATER STRING.
TOE BOARD / TOE PLATE
Metal plate at the bottom edge of a catwalk or other elevated work surface that prevents objects from sliding through the opening and falling to the space below. Sometimes also referred to as KICK BOARD or KICK PLATE.
TORMENTORS
Another name for a leg curtain. These are the first masking legs located after the main curtain.
TRAP
A passage through the stage floor through which a performer, prop, or scenery can disappear from view of the audience through use of one or more trap doors.
TRAP ROOM
The area directly below the trapped part of the stage. Used for accessing the traps.
TRAVEL
The path of moving stage equipment and the distance moved.
TRAVELER CURTAIN "TRAVELER"
Also known as a "Draw Curtain", it is a bi-parting curtain that overlaps in the center and moves horizontally, or "travels", stage left and stage right respectively, stacking at the far end of each bi-parting curtain track — often off-stage behind the proscenium arch out of view of the audience. A traveler curtains may also be a GUILLOTINE style curtain if the bi-parting curtain is on a flyable batten.
TRICK LINE
See TIE LINE.
TRIM
1. A set or element is trimmed when it has been placed in the desired position within the performance area. 2. A load is "in trim" when the equipment load equals the counterbalancing weight.
TRIM CHAIN
A length of chain placed between a lift line and a pipe batten or scenic element to connect them and to facilitate minor height adjustment of the load.
TRIPPED
When a curtain or scenic element is lifted by a second set of lines attached at the bottom or intermediate point on the piece. Pulling the lines will cause the piece to fold in half or thirds. Note: If the piece is counterbalanced, the weight balance will shift as the piece is tripped.
TRUSS BATTEN
Two or more pipes or other linear members fabricated together with cross bracing in a trussed configuration. Used in place of a pipe batten for heavy loads or extended distances between lift lines.
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A masking leg that is mounted at right angles to the front of the stage.
TABLEAU CURTAIN
A curtain that is drawn open by a line running through rings located diagonally across the rear of the curtain from the leading edge up to the top on the offstage edge.
TAG LINE
A line attached to a load to assist in controlling its movement.
TEASER
Another name for a border curtain. It often refers to the first masking curtain on stage and is paired with the "Tormentor" legs.
TENSION GRID
A system of tightly interwoven wire rope that serves as a working platform.
THEATER CONSULTANT
A consultant who specializes in the design of facilities for the performing arts, equipment for those facilities, and the operation of theater.
THEATER-IN-THE-ROUND
A type of ARENA THEATER, this theater has the audience seated on all four sides of the acting or performance area.
THEATER STRING
See TIE LINE.
THIMBLE
A grooved fitting around which a rope is bent to form an eye, supporting and protecting the rope from kinking and wear.
THRUST
1. A type of theatre in which the stage is extended so that the audience surrounds it on three sides. 2. Form of stage which projects into the auditorium so that the audience are seated on at least two sides of the extended piece.
TICKET BOOTH
See BOX OFFICE.
TIE LINE
A narrow diameter black braided rope, typically cotton or other soft synthetic material, used to dress cables to battens, tie curtains off to battens, and other lightweight utility applications. Also called TRICK LINE and THEATER STRING.
TOE BOARD / TOE PLATE
Metal plate at the bottom edge of a catwalk or other elevated work surface that prevents objects from sliding through the opening and falling to the space below. Sometimes also referred to as KICK BOARD or KICK PLATE.
TORMENTORS
Another name for a leg curtain. These are the first masking legs located after the main curtain.
TRAP
A passage through the stage floor through which a performer, prop, or scenery can disappear from view of the audience through use of one or more trap doors.
TRAP ROOM
The area directly below the trapped part of the stage. Used for accessing the traps.
TRAVEL
The path of moving stage equipment and the distance moved.
TRAVELER CURTAIN "TRAVELER"
Also known as a "Draw Curtain", it is a bi-parting curtain that overlaps in the center and moves horizontally, or "travels", stage left and stage right respectively, stacking at the far end of each bi-parting curtain track — often off-stage behind the proscenium arch out of view of the audience. A traveler curtains may also be a GUILLOTINE style curtain if the bi-parting curtain is on a flyable batten.
TRICK LINE
See TIE LINE.
TRIM
1. A set or element is trimmed when it has been placed in the desired position within the performance area. 2. A load is "in trim" when the equipment load equals the counterbalancing weight.
TRIM CHAIN
A length of chain placed between a lift line and a pipe batten or scenic element to connect them and to facilitate minor height adjustment of the load.
TRIPPED
When a curtain or scenic element is lifted by a second set of lines attached at the bottom or intermediate point on the piece. Pulling the lines will cause the piece to fold in half or thirds. Note: If the piece is counterbalanced, the weight balance will shift as the piece is tripped.
TRUSS BATTEN
Two or more pipes or other linear members fabricated together with cross bracing in a trussed configuration. Used in place of a pipe batten for heavy loads or extended distances between lift lines.
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U
UNDER HUNG
Hung from the bottom of building structure such as the bottom of a steel beam or pipe.
UNITED INSTITUTE FOR THEATER TECHNOLOGY
A membership organization that aims to advance the skills and knowledge of theater, entertainment, and performing arts professionals involved in the areas of design, production, and technology, and to generally promote their interests.
UPRIGHT
Resting on top of a beam or building structure.
UPSTAGE
1. The part of the stage furthest from the audience. 2. When an actor moves upstage of another and causes the victim to turn away from the audience he is 'upstaging'. Also, an actor drawing attention to himself away from the main action (by moving around, or over-reacting to onstage events) is upstaging.
USITT
Abbreviation for UNITED STATES INSTITUTE FOR THEATER TECHNOLOGY
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Hung from the bottom of building structure such as the bottom of a steel beam or pipe.
UNITED INSTITUTE FOR THEATER TECHNOLOGY
A membership organization that aims to advance the skills and knowledge of theater, entertainment, and performing arts professionals involved in the areas of design, production, and technology, and to generally promote their interests.
UPRIGHT
Resting on top of a beam or building structure.
UPSTAGE
1. The part of the stage furthest from the audience. 2. When an actor moves upstage of another and causes the victim to turn away from the audience he is 'upstaging'. Also, an actor drawing attention to himself away from the main action (by moving around, or over-reacting to onstage events) is upstaging.
USITT
Abbreviation for UNITED STATES INSTITUTE FOR THEATER TECHNOLOGY
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V
VALANCE
A border curtain that is located between the proscenium and the main curtain. The valance typically matches the main curtain in color, decoration, and fabric.
VARIABLE ACOUSTIC CURTAINS
A system of curtains located in the auditorium that can be manually or electronically adjusted to adjust reverberation time within the audience chamber by increasing or decreasing acoustical absorption.
VELOUR
A plush woven fabric resembling velvet, used for stage curtains.
VESTIBULE
A space that separates the auditorium from the lobby or circulations areas to keep noise and light from entering the auditorium. Also known as SOUND AND LIGHT LOCK.
VOMITORY
See VESTIBULE.
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A border curtain that is located between the proscenium and the main curtain. The valance typically matches the main curtain in color, decoration, and fabric.
VARIABLE ACOUSTIC CURTAINS
A system of curtains located in the auditorium that can be manually or electronically adjusted to adjust reverberation time within the audience chamber by increasing or decreasing acoustical absorption.
VELOUR
A plush woven fabric resembling velvet, used for stage curtains.
VESTIBULE
A space that separates the auditorium from the lobby or circulations areas to keep noise and light from entering the auditorium. Also known as SOUND AND LIGHT LOCK.
VOMITORY
See VESTIBULE.
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W
WAGON
A large wheeled platform which can be moved around the stage either manually by crew or by a scenic automation system.
WALL BATTEN
Horizontal structural members to which counterweight rigging guide tracks are attached.
WALL KNEE
Brackets that attach counterweight rigging wall battens to the building structure.
WELL
Gaps between gridiron structural members intended for the mounting and support of loft blocks on boundary channels and for allowing the free passage of lift line cables.
WILL CALL
Often a part of the BOX OFFICE or TICKET BOOTH, a location where you collect previously ordered tickets for that event, on the day of the event.
WINGS
The offstage left and offstage right sides of the stage that is masked from view of the audience typically by curtains such as LEGS used for performers preparing to enter, storage of sets for scenery changes and as a stagehand and technician work area. The wings often house some theatrical equipment such as rigging system fly rail or automated rigging controls, stage manager station with intercom communications, and some basic sound and lighting controls.
WIRE ROPE
A wire rope consists of a number of strands laid helically about a metallic core. Each strand consists of a number wires also laid helically about a center.
WORK LIGHTS
Bright white lights used in a venue when the stage and auditorium lighting is not on. Used for general stage and backstage illumination between performances. Some of these fixtures may be color changing LED and serve as dual purpose as both Work Lights and Running Lights. See RUNNING LIGHTS.
WORKING LOAD LIMIT
Often abbreviated WLL, it is the maximum load that is recommended to be applied to a structure or device. Also called "Recommended Working Load (RWL)", "Safe Working Load", "Rated Load", and "Working Load Limit".
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A large wheeled platform which can be moved around the stage either manually by crew or by a scenic automation system.
WALL BATTEN
Horizontal structural members to which counterweight rigging guide tracks are attached.
WALL KNEE
Brackets that attach counterweight rigging wall battens to the building structure.
WELL
Gaps between gridiron structural members intended for the mounting and support of loft blocks on boundary channels and for allowing the free passage of lift line cables.
WILL CALL
Often a part of the BOX OFFICE or TICKET BOOTH, a location where you collect previously ordered tickets for that event, on the day of the event.
WINGS
The offstage left and offstage right sides of the stage that is masked from view of the audience typically by curtains such as LEGS used for performers preparing to enter, storage of sets for scenery changes and as a stagehand and technician work area. The wings often house some theatrical equipment such as rigging system fly rail or automated rigging controls, stage manager station with intercom communications, and some basic sound and lighting controls.
WIRE ROPE
A wire rope consists of a number of strands laid helically about a metallic core. Each strand consists of a number wires also laid helically about a center.
WORK LIGHTS
Bright white lights used in a venue when the stage and auditorium lighting is not on. Used for general stage and backstage illumination between performances. Some of these fixtures may be color changing LED and serve as dual purpose as both Work Lights and Running Lights. See RUNNING LIGHTS.
WORKING LOAD LIMIT
Often abbreviated WLL, it is the maximum load that is recommended to be applied to a structure or device. Also called "Recommended Working Load (RWL)", "Safe Working Load", "Rated Load", and "Working Load Limit".
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X
XENON
A type of high output discharge lamp commonly used in some larger format followspots and some strobe lights.
X-FADE
See CROSSFADE.
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A type of high output discharge lamp commonly used in some larger format followspots and some strobe lights.
X-FADE
See CROSSFADE.
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Y
YOKE
A U-shaped bracket that supports a stage light. The yoke is fixed at two points to the sides of the instrument, providing an axis of rotation. The base of the yoke is typically a single bolt or bolted pipe clamp around which the yoke can be rotated, providing a second axis of rotation. Combined together, these two axis allow the fixture to point nearly anywhere in a spherical range of motion encircling the yoke.
YO-YO HOIST
A type of hoist used when space is tight and fleet angles are difficult. The drum contains narrow slots where the lift lines pile up in a single layer. The hoist capacity, speed, and distance traveled vary with each cable wrap. Also called "Pile-Up Hoist".
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A U-shaped bracket that supports a stage light. The yoke is fixed at two points to the sides of the instrument, providing an axis of rotation. The base of the yoke is typically a single bolt or bolted pipe clamp around which the yoke can be rotated, providing a second axis of rotation. Combined together, these two axis allow the fixture to point nearly anywhere in a spherical range of motion encircling the yoke.
YO-YO HOIST
A type of hoist used when space is tight and fleet angles are difficult. The drum contains narrow slots where the lift lines pile up in a single layer. The hoist capacity, speed, and distance traveled vary with each cable wrap. Also called "Pile-Up Hoist".
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Z
ZETEX
The registered trade name for a woven, high temperature, silica glass fabric used in the making of Fire Safety Curtains.
ZOOM ELLIPSOIDAL
A type of profile stage spotlight with two lenses enabling the adjustment of both size of the beam and whether it's hard or soft focus. This adjustment of focal length allows a single instrument to find many uses in various locations around the stage.
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The registered trade name for a woven, high temperature, silica glass fabric used in the making of Fire Safety Curtains.
ZOOM ELLIPSOIDAL
A type of profile stage spotlight with two lenses enabling the adjustment of both size of the beam and whether it's hard or soft focus. This adjustment of focal length allows a single instrument to find many uses in various locations around the stage.
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